Health and Diseases - Standard 8 - General Science - Balbharati
Health and Diseases
Exercise
Q.1 Distinguish between- Infectious and non-infectious diseases.
Ans.
| Infectious Diseases | Non-Infectious Diseases |
|---|---|
| 1) Can be transmitted from one person to another. | 1) Cannot be transmitted to others. |
| 2) Spread through contaminated air, water, food, etc. | 2) Not transmitted through any medium. |
| 3) Often acute and caused by infections (bacteria, viruses, protozoa). | 3) Some due to hereditary causes, some due to metabolic issues, and others due to nutrient deficiencies. Symptoms may develop gradually. |
| 4) Community hygiene and cleanliness can reduce the risk. | 4) Lifestyle changes like exercise and diet can reduce the risk. |
| 5) Examples: Cough and cold, flu, dengue, tuberculosis, hepatitis. | 5) Examples: Diabetes, cancer, heart diseases. |
Q.2 Identify the odd term.
a. Malaria, hepatitis, elephantiasis, dengue.
Ans. Hepatitis. (All the other diseases are caused by the carrier mosquito )
b. Plague, AIDS, cholera, T.B.
Ans. AIDS (All others are bacterial diseases.)
Q.3 Answer in one to two sentences.
a. Which are various media of spreading the infectious diseases?
Ans. Infectious diseases spread through contaminated air, water, food, vectors such as insects, animals and man.
b. Give the names of five non-infectious diseases other than given in the lesson.
Ans. Asthama, cataract, kidney stones, renal failure, arthritis, Alzheimer which is a condition during old age, hypertension, migraine, etc.
c. Which are the main reasons of diabetes and heart diseases?
Ans. The main reasons for diabetes and heart diseases are things like not living a healthy lifestyle, eating the wrong foods, not getting enough exercise, being under a lot of mental stress, and having issues with hormone levels in the body. These factors can lead to these health problems.
Q.4 What can be achieved / can be prevented?
a. Drinking boiled and filtered water.
Ans. When we boil water, it kills all the harmful germs that can make us sick. These germs in the water can cause diseases like cholera, enteritis, diarrhea, dysentery, hepatitis, and typhoid. So, by boiling the water, we protect ourselves from these illnesses. Additionally, filtering the water helps prevent infections from a type of worm called nematode Dracunculus, which can cause Naru. Boiling and filtering water can also help control epidemics caused by these infectious diseases.
b. Avoiding smoking and alcoholism.
Ans. Smoking and alcoholism are two harmful conditions. Alcoholism affects the liver and causes disorders. People addicted to alcohol may also experience malnourishment and their mental and psychological state can become abnormal. Alcoholism can also have negative impacts on their social and family life.
Smoking is a major cause of cancer. Cigarettes and bidis contain dangerous nicotine, which is both toxic and carcinogenic. Smokers often suffer from various types of cancer in the mouth, tongue, respiratory tract, and lungs. Alcoholism and smoking can lead to addictions. That's why it's essential to always avoid smoking and alcoholism to stay healthy.
c. Regular balanced diet and exercise.
Ans. A healthy and balanced diet leads to excellent health. It boosts a person's immunity, helping them avoid frequent infections and promoting mental well-being. Avoiding high-calorie junk food can help prevent heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. Exercise improves blood circulation. By following a regular balanced diet and exercising, many disorders caused by an unhealthy lifestyle can be prevented, ensuring overall well-being. Therefore, it's important to always stick to these habits for a healthy life.
d. Proper checking of blood before blood donation.
Ans. There are different blood groups, and when giving a blood transfusion, it's important to match the donor's blood with the recipient's. If the blood is not well-matched, it can clump inside the recipient's body. Also, infected blood can transmit viruses like hepatitis B or AIDS to healthy individuals. To prevent the spread of such diseases, blood should be checked before donating it. This ensures safer blood transfusions and protects people from potential infections.
Q.5 Read the passage and answer the questions.
Master ‘X’ is a 3 year old child. He is living with his family in a slum. Public toilet is present near his house. His father is drunkard. His mother does not know the importance of balanced diet.
a. Master ‘X’ can suffer from which different possible diseases in above conditions?
Ans. Master 'X' lives in an unclean area with a nearby public toilet. This puts him at risk of contracting infectious diseases. Since his father struggles with alcoholism, there's often a lack of money at home, making it difficult to afford enough nutritious food. As a result, his diet may lack essential vitamins and minerals, leading to malnourishment and weakened immunity. Additionally, his mother may not fully understand the importance of a healthy balanced diet. The family's financial situation and his father's addiction cause stress in the household, which can also affect Master 'X' negatively and make him more susceptible to infections. Due to the presence of germs in the surroundings, he may frequently experience digestive disorders like typhoid, hepatitis, cholera, enteritis, etc.
b. How will you help him and his family in this situation?
Ans. To begin with, we will assist Master 'X' in obtaining a healthy and balanced diet that includes fruits, vegetables, and milk. We will educate his mother about the significance of such a diet. It's essential to maintain clean and hygienic surroundings, ensuring that food is covered and houseflies are prevented from contaminating it. To keep the houseflies and cockroaches away, we will use germicidal floor cleaners and disinfectants.
Moreover, we will guide his father to de-addiction centers like 'Alcoholics Anonymous' to help him overcome alcoholism and make positive changes in his life. This way, we aim to create a healthier and safer environment for Master 'X' and his family, promoting their well-being.
c. Which disease can occur to the father of master 'X'?
Ans. Father of Master 'X' can develop diseases of liver and kidney.
Q.6 Give the preventive measures of following disease.
a. Dengue.
Ans. Dengue is a disease transmitted through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The virus responsible for Dengue is called DEN-1, 2, and it belongs to the flavivirus type. Stagnant or accumulated water provides a breeding ground for these mosquitoes, so it's important to take care and drain such water to prevent their multiplication. This is a crucial preventive measure.
The Aedes mosquito prefers to breed in man-made containers and clean water, so it's essential to either cover or empty such water storages. Another way to protect ourselves from Dengue is to boost our immunity to fight against the virus. There is a vaccine called CYD-TDV or Dengvaxia, which was developed in 2017. However, it's still not considered completely safe. So, it's important to take necessary precautions and follow preventive measures to avoid Dengue.
b. Cancer.
Ans. The key preventive step is to avoid carcinogenic substances. Tobacco, gutkha, cigarettes, bidis, and other addictive substances are extremely harmful to our health. Nicotine in these products can lead to cancers in the mouth and respiratory system. Additionally, exposure to hazardous radiations should be avoided as they can also cause cancer.
Maintaining a balanced and healthy diet, regular exercise, and living a stress-free life with mental well-being are some other preventive measures against cancer. For certain types of cancer, like cervical cancer in women, vaccines have been developed. However, overall prevention involves being cautious about harmful substances and embracing a healthy lifestyle.
c. AIDS.
Ans. During blood transfusions, it's essential to check the blood for HIV presence. Syringes, needles, and other medical tools should never be reused without proper sterilization. HIV can enter the body through contaminated blood, blood products, and body fluids. Therefore, it's crucial to take these precautions to prevent transmission.
Unsafe sexual contact is the primary mode of HIV transmission, so engaging in such risky behavior should always be avoided. The real preventive measure lies in creating awareness about AIDS and HIV, educating people about the risks, and promoting safe practices. Being informed and taking necessary precautions is vital to protect ourselves and others from HIV/AIDS.
7. Explain the importance.
a. Balanced diet.
Ans. A balanced diet includes all the nutrients in the right proportion. By having a balanced diet, one can prevent malnutrition. This type of diet with a good mix of vitamins and minerals boosts immunity, helping us avoid certain diseases. Hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease can be caused by unhealthy lifestyles and improper diets. To keep our health in check and maintain a balanced body, it's important to stick to a well-balanced diet.
b. Physical exercise / Yogasanas.
Ans. Exercise and yoga improve the blood circulation in the body, keeping the body and joints flexible. They also help reduce mental strain and stress. Regular practice of exercise and yoga can prevent insomnia (inability to fall asleep), arthritis, indigestion, and various other disorders.
People who engage in exercise often stay away from addictions. Yoga helps balance hormone and enzyme levels in the body. By practicing pranayama and controlling breathing, many respiratory and circulatory disorders can be prevented. Embracing exercise and yoga in our daily routine can contribute significantly to maintaining good health and preventing various health issues.
8. Make a list.
a. Viral diseases.
Ans. Ebola, AIDS, Hepatitis, Influenza, Rabies, Polio.
b. Bacterial diseases.
Ans. Plague, Typhohoid, Tuberculosis, Cholera, Leprosy.
c. Diseases spread through insects.
Ans. Malaria, Dengue, Zika, Elephantiasis.
d. Hereditary diseases.
Ans. Down's syndrome, Diabetes, Haemophilia, Colour blindness.
9. Write the information on modern diagnostics and treatments of cancer.
Ans. Advanced diagnostic techniques such as CT scan, MRI scan, mammography, and biopsy play a crucial role in timely detecting cancers. Conventional treatment methods like chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery, combined with modern techniques like robotic and laparoscopic surgery, offer improved chances of successfully treating cancers.
10. Enlist the names and composition of the medicines present at your home.
Ans. [Students should check the medicines available at their homes and write their names and composition or contents]
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